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国家烟草专卖局转发《审计署关于内部审计工作的规定》的通知

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国家烟草专卖局转发《审计署关于内部审计工作的规定》的通知

国家烟草专卖局


国烟审[2003]336号



国家烟草专卖局转发《审计署关于内部审计工作的规定》的通知




各省、自治区、直辖市及大连、深圳市烟草专卖局(公司),各省级工业公司,郑州烟草研究院,合肥设计院,南通、昆明、珠海醋酸纤维有限公司,国家局各直属二级公司:
  现将《审计署关于内部审计工作的规定》(中华人民共和国审计署令第4号)转发给你们,请认真遵照执行。《审计署关于内部审计工作的规定》是加强内部审计工作法制化、制度化、规范化的重要保障。各单位要认真组织学习,采取有力措施,切实贯彻落实;要进一步提高内部审计工作水平和质量,真正发挥内部审计在维护经济秩序、促进企业加强管理的重要作用。












国家烟草专卖局
二00三年六月十七日




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外债登记实施细则(附英文)

国家外汇管理局


外债登记实施细则(附英文)
国家外汇管理局



(1989年11月10日国家外汇管理局发布)


第一条 为了贯彻执行《外债统计监测暂行规定》(以下简称《规定》),制定本细则。
第二条 外债系指直接从国外筹借并需以外国货币承担的具有契约性偿还义务的全部债务。具体内容包括:
(一)国际金融组织贷款:指国际货币基金组织、世界银行、亚洲开发银行、联合国农业发展基金会和其他国际性、地区性金融组织提供的贷款;
(二)外国政府贷款:指外国政府向我国提供的官方发展援助贷款;
(三)外国银行及非银行金融机构贷款:指境外银行、其他非银行金融机构及银团组织等提供的贷款;
(四)买方信贷:指发放出口信贷的外国银行向我国进口部门或银行提供的,用以购买出口国设备的贷款;
(五)外国企业贷款:指境外非金融机构提供的贷款;
(六)发行外币债券:指境内机构在境外资金市场上发行的,以外币表示券面金额的债券;
(七)国际金融租赁:指境外租赁机构向境内机构提供的融资性租赁;
(八)延期付款:指国外出口商向国内进口部门提供的,在进口货物入境三个月以后,进口企业才对外支付货款的融通;
(九)补偿贸易中直接以现汇偿还的债务:指补偿贸易合同规定以现汇偿还或经批准因故将商品偿还更改为现汇偿还的债务,包括用出口收汇补偿的债务。
(十)其他形式的外债,包括:
1.境内金融机构吸收的境外机构或私人的外币存款;
2.境内企业(包括外商投资企业)向境内外资或中外合资银行的借款等。此外,以下情况亦视为外债:
1.已在境外注册的机构以各种形式调入境内,需境内机构实际偿还的债务;
2.未在境外注册的驻外机构的对外债务;
3.外商投资企业以外方名义向外借款,所借款项用于企业股本以外的资金或设备投入,外方与企业间有合同或其他具有法律约束力的文件规定由该企业负责偿还的债务;
4.中方为外方债务出具担保,由中方实际履行偿还义务的债务;
5.外商独资企业对其母公司的债务。
第三条 国家外汇管理局及其分局为全国外债登记和管理部门(以下简称登记部门)。国家外汇管理局负责在北京的国务院各部委、公司以及银行和非银行金融机构总部的外债登记工作;各地外汇管理分局负责当地政府、金融机构和企事业单位以及中央驻地方单位、金融机构总部的外
债登记工作。
未在境外注册的驻外机构的对外借款,由派出机构所在地的外汇管理局负责登记。
第四条 外债登记分为逐笔登记和定期登记。
定期登记外债是指:国内银行和非银行金融机构借入的外债;财政部、经贸部、中国人民银行、农业部、中国银行分别负责的外国政府贷款和国际金融组织贷款。
逐笔登记外债是指:除定期登记以外的国内其他部门、企业(包括外商投资企业)借用的外债。
企事业单位委托金融机构的对外借款,由借款合同规定的债务人办理登记。
第五条 定期登记手续为:
(一)借款单位在第一笔借款合同签订后的十五天内,到所在地外汇管理部门办理登记手续,领取定期登记的《外债登记证》(以下简称《登记证》)。
(二)当新签借款契约或债务发生提款、偿还等变动情况时,借款单位应按月分别填写“外债签约情况表”和“外债变动反馈表”(以下简称反馈表),并于每月后五日内上报登记部门。
(三)借款单位需要开立现汇帐户时,应凭《登记证》和登记部门开出的开户批准书到指定开户行(以下简称开户行)办理开立外债专用现汇帐户(以下简称外债专户)手续,并于次日将回执寄送登记部门。
第六条 逐笔登记的手续为:
(一)借款单位在借款合同签约后十五天内,持借款合同副本和对外借款批件(外商投资企业不需批件),到登记部门办理外债登记手续,领取逐笔登记的《登记证》。
(二)在借款调入境内时,借款单位应凭汇款通知单和《登记证》到开户行开立外债专户,办理入帐手续。
(三)债务到期还本付息时,借款单位应持《登记证》和还本付息通知单,提前到登记部门领取还本付息核准件,凭核准件和《登记证》到开户行办理从外债专户汇出本息手续。
(四)在办理收付和开户手续后,借款单位应依据开户行开出的收付凭证填写“反馈表”,并于次日将“反馈表”、存款凭证影印件报送登记部门。
(五)借用非调入现汇而需从境内汇出借款本息的非调入形式债务的单位,应在债务实际发生后,填写“反馈表”,于次日将“反馈表”影印件寄送登记部门。在债务到期还本付息时,应凭登记部门的核准件到开户行开立“外债还本付息专用现汇帐户”(以下简称还本付息专户),办
理汇出本息手续。
(六)经国家外汇管理局或其分局批准,将借款存放境外的单位,应每月通过“反馈表”向原登记部门报送当月存款变动情况。
(七)境内机构向在华外资银行、中外合资银行借款,可以不另设帐户,但借款单位必须按有关规定履行登记和报送“反馈表”手续。
(八)在本地领取《登记证》的借款单位,如必须在异地银行办理开户、还本付息手续时,可先持本地登记部门开出的《登记证》到异地登记部门办理还本付息核准手续,异地开户行在办理手续三天后,将支付凭证的影印件报送原登记部门。
第七条 在《登记证》上记载的债务最后一次还本付息后,开户行应立即注销其“外债专户”和“还本付息专户”。借款单位应在十五天内向发证的登记部门缴销《登记证》。
第八条 开户行须具备下列条件:
(一)获准经营外汇业务的国内银行;
(二)能密切配合登记部门搞好外债监测工作。
国家外汇管理局及其分局按照业务需要指定开户行。
第九条 开户行应履行下列职责:
(一)监督帐户的使用。应保证:汇入“外债专户”、“还本付息专户”的外汇资金仅限于《登记证》上记载的款项;从其他帐户划入或存入的外汇资金仅限于支付借项目所需的设备、劳务、偿还本息以及经登记部门同意的其他用途。
(二)凭《登记证》和核准件办理债务的调入、偿还手续,并在办理手续后,按要求将收付凭证于次日报送登记部门。
(三)监督所有逐笔登记的外债在调入借款和还本付息时,都必须通过“外债专户”和“还本付息专户”办理。
第十条 违反本细则有下列行为之一的,所在地外汇管理局可根据情节轻重,对有关当事人处以最高不超过所涉及外债金额3%的等值人民币罚款:
(一)故意不办理或拖延办理外债登记手续的;
(二)拒绝向外汇管理局报送或隐瞒、虚报、两次以上迟报“反馈表”的;
(三)伪造、涂改《登记证》的;
(四)擅自开立或保留“外债专户”、“还本付息专户”和所借外债不经过“外债专户”、“还本付息专户”还本付息的,应对借款人和开户行双方进行罚款。
第十一条 本细则由国家外汇管理局负责解释。
第十二条 本细则自公布之日起施行。


(Promulgated by the State Administration of Exchange Control onNovember 10, 1989)

Whole document

RULES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF REGISTRATION OF EXTERNAL DEBTS
(Promulgated by the State Administration of Exchange Control on November
10, 1989)
Article 1
These Rules are formulated in order to implement the Interim
Provisions for the Statistical Work and Supervision of External Debts
(hereinafter referred to as the Provisions).
Article 2
External debts refer to any liabilities resulting from borrowing
abroad for which contractual repayments in foreign currencies are
required. They include:
(1) Loans from international monetary institutions, namely, loans
from the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Asian
Development Bank, the International Agriculture Development Fund and other
international or regional monetary institutions;
(2) Loans from foreign governments, namely, loans provided by foreign
governments in the form of official development assistance to China;
(3) Loans from foreign banks and non-bank financial institutions,
namely, loans from banks, non-bank financial institutions and syndicates
which operate outside China;
(4) Buyer's credit, namely, loans provided by foreign banks offering
export credit for Chinese importing departments or banks to buy equipment
from exporting countries;
(5) Foreign enterprise loans, namely, loans provided by foreign
enterprises that are not financial institutions;
(6) Issuance of foreign currency bonds, which refer to bonds with
denomination values in foreign currencies issued by domestic institutions
on money markets outside China;
(7) International monetary leasing, namely, leases of a fund-raising
nature provided by foreign leasing institutions for domestic institutions;
(8) Delay payment, which refers to a preferential term offered by
foreign exporters to domestic importing departments for the importers to
pay for the goods with a delay of 3 months after the goods have arrived in
China;
(9) Liabilities arising in compensation trade to be repaid directly in
cash, namely, liabilities to be repaid in cash as is stipulated in
compensation trade contracts or liabilities for which repayment is altered
to be in cash instead of in kind (goods) due to certain reason and with
approval, including liabilities to be repaid with export earnings in
foreign exchange.

(10) External debts in other forms, including:
① Foreign currency deposits in domestic monetary institutions by
institutions or individuals abroad;
② Loans obtained by domestic enterprises (including foreign
investment enterprises) from foreign or Chinese-foreign joint-venture
banks which operate in China. Apart from all these, also regarded as
external debts are the following:
① Liabilities transferred into China in various forms by externally
registered institutions, which are to be repaid by domestic institutions;
② External liabilities of Chinese institutions based abroad without
external registration;
③ Foreign loans borrowed by a foreign investment enterprise in the
name of the foreign side of the enterprise to be used as input in funds or
equipment outside the capital investment, which are to be repaid by the
enterprise as is required by a contract signed between the foreign side
and the enterprise or any other legal documents;
④ Liabilities of a foreign debtor for whom a Chinese side has
provided guarantee, and for which the repayment is to be actually made by
the Chinese side;
⑤ Liabilities owned by a wholly foreign-owned enterprise to its
parent company.

Article 3
The State Administration of Exchange Control and its branch offices
are the departments in charge of the registration and administration of
external debts in the country (hereinafter referred to as the registering
departments). The State Administration of Exchange Control takes charge of
the registration of external debts incurred by the ministries and
commissions under the State Council, corporations, banks and head offices
of non-bank financial institutions, which are all based in Beijing, and
its branch offices in localities take charge of the registration of
external debts incurred by local governments, monetary institutions, as
well as units of central departments and head offices of monetary
institutions based in localities.
External debts incurred by a Chinese institution based abroad without
external registration shall be registered by the administration of
exchange control of the locality where the externally based Chinese
institution's parent institution is situated.
Article 4
The registration of external debts is divided into case-by-case
registration and regular registration.
Regular registration applies to external debts incurred by domestic
banks and non-bank financial institutions, and loans offered by foreign
governments and international monetary institutions which fall
respectively under the administration of the Ministry of Foreign Economic
Relations and Trade, the People's Bank of China, the Ministry of
Agriculture and the Bank of China.
Case-by-case registration applies to external debts incurred by
domestic departments other than those governed by regular registration,
and by enterprises (including foreign investment enterprises).
External debts incurred by monetary institutions as entrusted by
enterprises and other institutions are to be registered with the debtors
stipulated in the borrowing contracts handling the procedures for
registration.

Article 5
The procedures for regular registration are as follows:
(1) A debtor unit shall, within 15 days after the first contract on
borrowing is signed, go through registration procedures at the local
administration of exchange control, and receive an External Debts
Registration Certificate (herein-after referred to as the Registration
Certificate) for regular registration.
(2) When new contracts on borrowing are signed or alterations such as
drawing and repayment occur in the debt, a debtor unit shall fill in
monthly a form of the Signing of Contract on External Debts and a Form of
Feedback on the Alterations of External Debts (hereinafter referred to as
the Form of Feedback) registering department within 5 days after the end
of the month.
(3) When a debtor unit needs to open a foreign exchange cash account
with a bank, the unit shall, by submitting the Registration Certificate
and a document approving the opening of the account from the registering
department, go through the necessary procedures for opening a special
foreign exchange cash account relating to external debts (hereinafter
referred to as a special account for external debts) as an appointed bank
with which such an account is opened (hereinafter referred to as the
account opening bank), and send the receipt by mail the following day to
the registering department.

Article 6
The procedures for case-by-case registration are as follows:
(1) The debtor unit shall, within 15 days after a contract on
borrowing is signed, go through the procedures for the registration of
external debts by submitting a duplicate copy of the contract and the
document of approval for the borrowing (such a document of approval is not
necessary for foreign investment enterprises) at the registering
department, and receive a Registration Certificate for case-by-case
registration.
(2) When the borrowed funds are transferred into Chinese territories,
the debtor unit shall, with the remittance instruction and the
Registration Certificate, open a special account for external debts at the
account-opening bank, and go through the procedures for entering the item
into the account.
(3) When due repayment of principal and payment of interest are to be
made, the debtor unit shall, by submitting the Registration Certificate
and the instruction on repaying the principal and paying the interest, get
a document approving the repayment of principal and payment of interest
from the registering department in advance, and go through necessary
procedures at the account-opening bank for the repayment of principal and
payment of interest to be remitted out of the special account for external
debts by submitting the document of approval and the Registration
Certificate to the bank.
(4) After receipts and disbursements are handled and the procedures
for opening an account are implemented, the debtor unit shall fill in the
Form of Feedback in accordance with the instruments of receipts and
disbursements issued by the account-opening bank, and file the following
day the Form of Feedback and a duplicate copy of the certificate of
deposit with the registering department.

(5) A unit incurring a debt in the form of not being transferred into
China, from which no cash in foreign exchange is moved in but for which
repayment of principal and payment of interest are to be remitted out of
China, shall, after the debt has occurred, fill in a Form of Feedback,
and send by mail the following day a duplicate copy of the Form of
Feedback to registering department. When due repayment of principle and
payment of interest are to be made, the debtor unit shall, with the
documents of endorsement by the registration department, go the opening
bank to open a Special Foreign Currency Account for Repayment of Principal
and Payment of Interest Relating to External Debts (herein-after referred
to as special account for the repayment of principal and payment of
interest) with the account-opening bank, and go through necessary
procedures for the remitting of the repayment of principal and payment of
interest.
(6) A unit which deposits the borrowed money outside of Chinese
territories with approval from the State Administration of Exchange
Control or its branch offices shall, through the Form of Feedback, report
to the original registering department on the alterations of the deposit
in each month.
(7) No other accounts are required to be opened when domestic
institutions borrow money from foreign or Chinese-foreign joint venture
banks operating in China, but the domestic institutions shall go through
the procedures for registration and submit the monthly Form of Feedback as
is required by relevant regulations.
(8) When it is necessary for a debtor unit which has received a
Registration Certificate in its own locality to go through the procedures
for opening an account and making repayment of principal and payment of
interest at a bank in another locality, the debtor unit shall, by
submitting the Registration Certificate issued by the registering
department in its own locality, go through the procedures for approving
the repayment of principal and payment of interest as the registering
department in the other locality shall, 3 days after the procedures are
handled, file the duplicate copies of disbursements with the original
registering department.
Article 7
After the last repayment of principal and payment of interest are made
for the debt recorded in the Registration Certificate, the account-opening
bank shall immediately cancel the Special Account for the Repayment of
Principal and Payment of Interest related to the Registration Certificate.
The debtor unit shall return the Registration Certificate within 15 days
to the registering department for cancellation.

Article 8
An account-opening bank shall meet the following requirements:
(1) It must be a domestic bank which has been approved to deal in
foreign exchange;
(2) It can cooperate closely with the registering department in the
supervision over external debts.
The State Administration of Exchange Control and its branch offices
shall appoint account-opening banks in line with the requirements of
business.
Article 9
An account-opening bank shall fulfil the following obligations:
(1) Supervising the use of the accounts. The bank shall ensure that
funds in foreign exchange remitted into the Special Account for External
Debts and the Special Account for the Repayment of Principal and Payment
of Interest are only the funds recorded in the Registration Certificate,
and that funds in foreign exchange deposited in the accounts or
transferred from other accounts can only be used to pay for the equipment
and labour service of the project related to the debt, for the repayment
of principal and payment of interest, or for other usage which has been
approved by the registering department;
(2) Handling the transferring in and repaying of the debts in line
with the Registration Certificate and the document of approval, and filing
the instruments of receipts and disbursements with the registering
department the following day after the procedures are handled;
(3) Supervising external debts under case-by-case registration to
ensure that the transferring in of the loans and the repayment of
principal and payment of interest all go through the Special Account for
External Debts and Special Account for the Repayment of Principal and
Payment of Interest.
Article 10
In the event of any one of the following acts of violating these
Rules, the local administration of exchange control may impose a fine in
RMB on the party concerned, with the amount equivalent to not more than 3
percent of the external debt involved:
(1) Intentionally not to go through or to put off the handling of
procedures for the registration of external debts;
(2) Refusing to submit, or making false registration in, or at least
twice delaying the submission of the Form of Feedback to the
administration of exchange control;
(3) Foreign or altering the Registration Certificate;
(4) The fine shall be imposed on both the debtor and the account for
External Debts or a Special Account for the Repayment of Principal and
Payment of Interest is opened or retained without permission, or when the
repayment of principal and payment of interest are not made out of the
Special Account for the Repayment of Principal and Payment of Interest.

Article 11
The right to interpret these Rules resides in the State Administration
of Exchange Control.
Article 12
These Rules shall go into effect on the day of their promulgation.



1989年11月10日
论土地征用

中国政法大学法学院 姚长飞


内容提要:土地征用制度是世界各国为发展社会公共事业而设置的一种法律制度,本文从我国土地征用制度的概念、特征谈起,对土地征用制度应遵循的原则、补偿安置问题及我国目前土地征用制度存在的法律问题和相应立法建议略作一探讨。
关键词:土地征用 集体土地 公共利益 安置补偿

我国土地实行社会主义公有制,包括全民所有制和农民集体所有制两种形式。作为土地所有制的法律表现形式,土地所有权也相应存在国家土地所有权和集体土地所有权两种类型。土地征用是发生在国家和农民集体之间的所有权转移,是指国家为了社会公共利益的需要,按照法律规定的批准权限和程序批准,并给农民集体和个人补偿后,将农民集体所有土地转变为国家所有。土地征用是保证国家公共设施和公益事业建设所需土地的一项重要措施。无论是资本主义国家还是社会主义国家,为了发展社会公共事业,都设置了土地征用法律制度,我国《宪法》第10条规定,国家为了公共利益地需要,可以依照法律规定对土地实行征用,这是我国实行土地征用地宪法依据。土地征用具有下列特征:
1、国家建设征用土地的主体必须是国家。
只有国家才能在国家建设征用土地法律关系中充当征用主体,因为只有国家才能享有国家建设之需要依法征用集体所有土地的权利,尽管直接需要土地的并非国家,而是具体的国家机关,企事业单位,社会团体以及个人。但是他们作为土地需要的单位只能根据自己的用地的实际需要,依照法律规定地程序向土地机关提出用地申请,并在申请批准后获得土地的使用权,另外还要明确国家虽是征用土地的主体,但是实际行使征用土地权的是各级土地管理机关和人民政府,他们对外代表国家具体行使此权。
2、国家建设征用土地是国家行政行为,具有强制性。
国家建设征用土地并非民事行为,而是国家授权的并依照法律规定的依据和程序所实施的行政行为。这是因为国家建设征用土地法律关系的主体--国家,土地被征用的集体组织(农村集体经济组织或者村民委员会)的地位是不平等的。土地征用法律关系的产生并非基于双方的自愿和一致,而是基于国家的单方面的意思表示,无需被征用土地的所有人同意。国家征用土地的指令,是行政命令。对此,土地被征用的集体经济组织必须服从。而且在这种法律关系中也不遵循等价有偿原则。
3、国家建设征用土地是国家公共利益的需要。
国家建设征用土地的原因是国家建设之需要,也即宪法第5条所指的公共利益的需要。这里所讲的国家建设需要或是公共利益需要,均是从广义上理解的。大体可以从两个层次上加以理解:其一,是直接的国家建设需要或公共利益的需要。比如发展和兴办国防建设,公用事业,市政建设,交通运输,水利事业,国家机关建设用地等等,皆是以公共利益为直接目的地事业,其二,是广义地国家建设需要或者广义的公共利益需要。就是说,凡是有利于社会主义现代化建设,有利于人民生活水平的提高,有利于综合国力的加强,诸如设立国家主管机关批准的集体企业,三资企业,兴办国家主管机关批准的民办大学以及其他社会公益事业等等,均是广义上的国家建设和公共利益之需要。这些情况都可作为国家建设征用土地的原因。
4、国家建设征用土地必须以土地补偿为必备条件。
国家建设征用土地与没收土地不同,它不是无偿地强制地进行,而是有偿地强制进行。土地被征用地集体经济组织应当依法取得经济上的补偿。国家建设征用土地与土地征购不同。它并不是等价的特种买卖,而是有补偿条件的征用,但是,对被征用土地的适当补偿,则是国家建设征用土地所必不可少的条件,所谓适当补偿,就是严格依据土地管理法的规定给予补偿,征地补偿以使被征用土地单位的农民生活水平不降低为原则。应当指出的是,尽管土地为国家征用,但是土地补偿费以及其他费用并不是由国家直接支付,而是由用地单位支付,这是因为国家并不直接使用这些土地。用地单位支付这些费用的义务是直接产生于国家征用土地行政行为和国家批准用地单位用地申请及被征用土地使用权的行为。
5、国家建设征用土地的标的只能是集体所有的土地。
国家建设征用土地的标的,建国以来经历了一个发展变化的过程,随着农业合作社在全国范围内的实现,农村土地都变成了农村合作经济组织集体所有以后,到了1986年土地管理法规定的征用土地的标的就只能是集体土地了。应当指出的是,国家建设用地需要用集体所有的土地来满足,也需要用国家所有的土地来满足,用集体所有的土地满足国家建设用地的法定办法是征用,用国有土地来满足国家建设用地之需要的法定办法是出让,划拨等方式而非征用方式,因为国有土地本来就是国家的,不需要再通过其他方式取得所有权,国家可直接行使处分权利。
(一)土地征用制度的现实意义:
1、满足集体土地进入房产市场的内在冲动和外在需求的需要。我国存在较大面积的集体所有的土地,这既是历史的产物,也是现实的需要。在我国现代化进程中,城乡差距长期存在,城乡之间始终存在着一个农村向城市所取资金和城市向农村所取土地的问题,资源配置的经济学规律不可避免要使集体土地涉足城市房产市场;另外随着我国社会主义经济建设的顺速发展和社会城市化的加速进行城市对土地的需求将不断扩大。为了满足城市对土地的需求,填补需求缺口,城市出了向高空发展外,就剩下向城市郊区农村索取集体土地这一唯一途径了,这是必然的,也是解决城市土地需求问题的根本途径。几十年来,土地征用制度为完善土地法律制度,保障社会主义建设顺利进行方面发挥了巨大作用。
2、适应我国国情,保护农业用地的需要。 我国是一个农业大国,同时又是一个人多地少,耕地资源贫乏的国家,集体所有的土地肩负着十几亿人口的温饱重任,随着人口的急剧增长与经济建设的发展,人地相争的矛盾将十分突出,因此,国家将“十分珍惜,合理利用土地和切实保护耕地”作为我们的一项基本国策。农业用地改为房地产开发用地,其短期经济效益确实十分明显,这成为导致我国耕地减少的直接原因之一,如果对农业用地改为房地产用地不加以限制,任其自由发展,势必影响到作为我国经济基础的农业,增加不安定因素,导致经济结构的混乱和的效益。设立土地征用制度就是为了限制集体土地任意进入房产市场,确实需要的,必须履行国家机关的严格审批程序收归国有后,方可有偿出让。
(二)集体土地征用应遵循的原则:
1、十分珍惜,合理利用土地和切实保护耕地的原则。
我国人口多,耕地少并且在某些地区耕地又浪费严重。随着人口的逐年增长,耕地将继续减少,这是一个不争的事实,因此土地管理法规定:十分珍惜,合理利用土地和切实保护耕地是我国的基本国策。各级人民政府应当采取措施,全面规划,严格管理,保护开发土地资源,制止非法占用土地的行为。在国家建设征用土地中要做到这一要求,必须坚持:1,加强规划,严格管理,严格控制各项建设用地2,要优先利用荒地,非农业用地,尽量不用耕地3,要优先利用劣地,尽量不用良田4,加大土地监察和土地违法行为地打击力度,切实制止乱占耕地地滥用土地行为
2、保证国家建设用地地原则。
国家建设征用土地,被征地单位必须无条件服从, 这不但因为征用土地是国家政治权力的行使,而且因为国家权力的行使是为了维护社会的公共利益。社会公共利益是一国的最高利益,是全体人民的共同利益体现,私人行使权利不得文违背社会公共利益,而且在与社会公共利益相抵触时就得对私人利益加以限制以维护社会公共利益。国家建设即是社会公共利益得体现,因此应在贯彻节约土地,保护土地得前提下保证国家建设用地。
3、妥善安置被征地单位和农民的原则。
集体土地征用意味着农民集体土地所有权的丧失,意味着农民对土地的使用收益利益的丧失,故用地单位应当根据国家法律规定,妥善安排被征地单位和农民的生产和生活:一是对被征用土地的生产单位要妥善安排生产,二是对征地范围内的拆迁户要妥善安置,三是征用的耕地要适当补偿,四,是征地给农民造成的损失要适当补助。
4、谁使用土地谁补偿的原则。
土地征用的补偿并不是由国家支付,而是由用地单位支付,这是因为,国家并不直接使用所征用的土地,也不是使用该被征用土地建设项目的直接受益者,而用地单位则兼具这两个因素,由其支付征用土地补偿是合理的。用地单位的补偿是一项法定义务,承担此项义务是使用被征土地的必要条件。用地单位必须按法定的标准,向被征用土地的集体组织给予补偿。
(三)集体土地的补偿安置问题。
集体土地征用的补偿,是征地工作的主要内容,亦是一项难度较大的重要工作,其涉及到国家,集体,个人利益,既要考虑到建设项目的投资和国家建设的发展,又要考虑被征地单位以及农民地生产生活水平,力求做到国家利益优先,兼顾用地单位和被征地单位和农民的各方利益。
1、征用集体土地的补偿原则:
(1)、保持被征地农民原有生活水平的原则土地是农民最基本的生产资料,征用农民的土地等于剥夺了他们的生活来源。因此,征地补偿应使被征地农民的生活水平不降低为原则,以保障农民兄弟的利益不因征地而受损。
(2)、按照被征用土地的原用途给予补偿的原则。征用土地的补偿标准和补偿范围不能因征用土地之后的用途改变而改变,而是按照被征用土地的原用途确定补偿标准和补偿范围原来是耕地的,按耕地的标准给予补偿,原来是林地的,按林地的标准给予补偿,对地上物的补偿和对人员的安置也是如此。
2、征用集体土地的补偿范围和标准:
国家建设征用土地由用地单位支付补偿费用。征用土地的补偿费用包括以下三项内容:
(1)、 土地补偿费,主要是因国家征用土地而对土地所有人和使用人的土地投入和收益损失给予的补偿,征用耕地的土地补偿费为该耕地被征用前3年平均产值的6至10倍。征用其他土地的补偿费标准,由省自治区直辖市参照征用耕地的补偿费标准规定。
(2)、 安置补偿费是为了安置以土地为主要生产资料并取得生活来源的农业人口的生活所给予的补助费用。征用耕地的安置补助费,按照需要安置的农业人口数计算。每一个需要安置的农业人口的安置补助费标准,为该耕地被征用前三年平均年产值的4至六倍,但是每公顷被征用耕地的安置补助费,最高不得超过被征用前三年平均年产值的15倍征用其他土地的安置补助费标准由省,自治区,直辖市参照征用耕地的安置补助标准规定。
(3)、 地上附着物和青苗补助费,如房屋,水井,林木及正处于生长而未能收获的农作物等,补偿标准由省自治区直辖市规定。
3、安置剩余劳动力。
因国家建设征用土地造成的多余劳动力,由县级以上地方人民政府土地管理部门组织被征用单位,用地单位和有关单位,通过发展副业生产和举办乡镇企业等途径加以安置,安置不完的,可以安排符合条件的人员到用地单位或者其他集体所有制单位和全民所有制单位就业,并将相应的安置补助费转拨给吸收劳动力的单位。
4、土地补偿费用的处理。
国家建设征用土地的土地补偿费归农村集体经济组织所有,地上附着物及青苗补偿费归地上附着物及青苗的所有者所有。征用土地的安置补助费必须专款专用,不得挪作他用。市县和乡镇人民政府应当加强对安置补助费使用情况的监督,侵占,挪用被征用土地单位的征地补偿费用和其他有关费用构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任,尚不构成犯罪的,依法给予行政处分。
(四)我国土地征用中存在的若干问题及其对策。
我国现行的土地征用制度是50年代在高度集中的计划经济体制时期形成的,当时对于保证国家建设起到了积极作用。但是,随着社会主义市场经济的发展,这个制度的缺陷就日益凸现,目前主要存在如下一些问题亟待解决:
1、相关法律中“公共利益需要”缺乏明确界定。我国《宪法》规定:“国家为了公共利益的需要,可以依照法律规定对土地实行征用”,《土地管理法》规定:“国家为公共利益的需要,可以依法对集体所有的土地实行征用”。这些规定都强调了征用的前提必须是为“社会公共利益的需要”,也就是说,只为某个或某些经济组织或者个人利益需要,是不能征用集体土地的。但是现行法律、法规并没有明确界定哪些建设项目用地是为了“公共利益需要”,或界定哪些项目用地不是为“公共利益需要”。根据《土地管理法实施条例》对征地审批程序的规定,可以间接推断出:在土地利用总体规划规定的城市用地范围内,为实施城市规划需要占用土地,以及能源、交通、水利、矿山、军事设施等建设项目确需使用土地利用总体规划确定的城市建设用地范围外的土地,应当属于为“公共利益”需要使用土地。而事实上,为实施城市规划分批次征用土地后,由哪些具体的建设项目来使用具有很大的随意性,往往是谁申请使用,就由市、县人民政府按照规定出让或划拨给谁使用。这里面的“公共利益需要”尺度很难把握。
2、土地征用的补偿问题。土地征用是政府强制性取得集体土地所有权的一种方式。这种所有权的转移是在有偿的方式下发生的。在此过程中,土地权利的转移不是一种市场行为,而是一种行政行为。为了国家建设的需要,农民集体不得以任何理由阻碍政府。此时农民集体所有权表现为一种不完全的所有权,其收益权受到削弱。我国《土地管理法》中明确规定了土地征用的补偿标准,这种补偿标准虽在原来的基础上有所提高,但仍存在一定的不足。它难以正确体现地块的区位差异及各地不同的经济发展水平等等,进而难以维持农民现有的生活水平,导致农民对征地的不满;政府低价获得土地所有权、高价出让土地使用权的行为,也难以为农民所接受。
3、土地征用权的行使问题。从世界各国对土地征用权力的行使来看,大多是为了公共利益。一些经济比较发达的国家,政府更多的是采用通过与所有者合作或商议的形式获得土地,实行土地先买为主,征用为辅。当收买发生困难时,才实行土地征用。在我国,宪法明确规定为了公共利益的需要征用土地,但《土地管理法》则规定任何单位或个人使用土地,必须使用国有土地。即凡是不属于该集体经济组织的用地单位或个人需要使用土地,都必须请求政府动用征地权,从而满足其用地的需要。我国自实行土地有偿制度以来,各级地方政府为增加财政收入,对征地权的行使乐此不疲。有的地方往往通过建立开发区、科技园等向投资单位提供优惠政策,而土地使用费往往作为其优惠的条件之一。尽管现行的《土地管理法》规定征用审批权由国务院及省级人民政府行使,但各级地方政府仍拥有一定的权力,加之监督机制不完善,便在征地申报过程中出现了一些弄虚作假的行为。